Epoxy-Lined Piping: Separating Facts from Fiction
The Hidden Risks of Epoxy Pipe Lining: Unveiling the Challenges and Safer Alternatives
Epoxy pipe lining has been marketed as a convenient and cheap solution to prevent or stop leaks in failing water systems. However, many property owners are unaware of the failures, repair difficulties, and toxic materials associated with epoxy-lined pipes. Most property owners that have used this method have experienced the consequences of epoxy lined piping failure, leaving tenants with potential health hazards in their water supply and leaving owners with the costs of a complete water system replacement that they may have tried to avoid in the first place. In this write-up, we’ll explore the history of epoxy pipe lining, the materials used during the lining process, and the reasons why it often fails. We’ll also suggest a safer and more reliable alternative.
History of Epoxy Pipe Lining
Epoxy pipe lining first emerged in the 1980s as a potential solution for rehabilitating aged or corroded pipes without the need for excavation (in cases where the pipe was underground) or replacement. Companies who offered epoxy pipe lining promised property owners a quick and easy fix, and claimed epoxy lining could extend the life failing plumbing systems by several decades. These claims were particularly appealing to owners of older properties with deteriorating plumbing infrastructure, as well as those looking to avoid the high costs and lengthy downtime associated with traditional pipe replacement.
As time passed and more epoxy-lined systems were installed, epoxy-lined pipes were proven to be nothing more than a temporary fix.
Materials Used in Epoxy Pipe Lining
Epoxy resins are used during the epoxy lining process. These resins are known for their adhesive properties and ability to harden into a solid coating. The most common types of epoxy resins used in pipe lining include:
· Bisphenol A (BPA) based epoxies: These resins were widely used in early epoxy lining applications but have since been phased out due to health concerns related to BPA exposure.
· Bisphenol F (BPF) based epoxies: BPF-based resins have largely replaced BPA-based epoxies in pipe lining, as they are considered to be a safer alternative. However, the long-term safety and stability of BPF-based epoxies are still not fully understood.
· Novolac epoxies: These resins are known for their chemical resistance and high temperature stability, making them suitable for industrial applications. However, their use in residential and commercial plumbing systems is limited.
Despite the claimed benefits of these epoxy materials, there are concerns about their potential health and environmental risks. These materials often degrade and leach into the water supply. Studies have shown that epoxy resins can release harmful compounds, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals – when exposed to certain conditions like high temperatures or acidic environments. The following are a few examples:
Study: “Comparative estrogenic activity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and bisphenol S”
· Conducted by: J.R. Rochester, A.L. Bolden
· Published in: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)
· Method: This study compared the estrogenic activity of BPA, BPF (referred to as BPAF in the study), and another alternative, bisphenol S (BPS), using in vitro assays.
· Results: The study found that BPF exhibited estrogenic activity similar to or greater than BPA, suggesting that it may not be a safer alternative in terms of endocrine disruption.
Study: “Bisphenol A analogues bisphenol F and bisphenol S induce oxidative stress, disrupt mitochondrial function, and trigger apoptosis in rat testicular cells”
· Conducted by: D. Ullah, M.U. Ullah, S. Ahmad, M.Z. Khan, S. Ahmad
· Published in: Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021)
· Method: This study investigated the effects of BPA, BPF, and BPS on rat testicular cells, assessing oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis.
· Results: The study found that BPF, along with BPA and BPS, induced oxidative stress, disrupted mitochondrial function, and triggered apoptosis in rat testicular cells, indicating potential reproductive toxicity.
Study: “Estrogenic activity of bisphenol A alternatives in human breast cancer cells”
· Conducted by: S. Mesnage, N. Defarge, M. Spiroux de Vendômois, G.E. Séralini
· Published in: Journal of Applied Toxicology (2014)
· Method: This study evaluated the estrogenic activity of BPA and several alternatives, including BPF, in human breast cancer cells.
· Results: The study found that BPF exhibited estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cells, albeit at a lower potency compared to BPA.
Challenges and Limitations in Practice
Epoxy pipe lining faces a number of challenges and limitations in practice. One of the primary issues is the difficulty in ensuring proper adhesion and an even coating of the epoxy resin. If the pipes are not thoroughly cleaned or prepared, or if the epoxy is not applied consistently, there can be weak spots or gaps in the lining that allow for continued corrosion and leakage. If the epoxy-lining is not even or too much epoxy resin is used, the inner diameter of the pipe becomes smaller, restricting water flow.
The need to repairing an epoxy-lined pipe can be problematic. The epoxy lining is incompatible with heat and soldering, which are common methods for repairing and joining pipes. Attempting to solder or apply heat to an epoxy-lined pipe can cause the lining to melt, degrade, or release harmful fumes. Clamping a new section of piping onto the problematic area is also ineffective because there is no way to ensure water will not get in between the epoxy resin, and the the original piping in this area after the repair has been made.
Uneven Coating of Epoxy Resin
This image shows what an uneven coating of epoxy lining might look like. In some cases like the one above, the inner diameter of the pipe effectively becomes smaller, and water flow is restricted.
Unrepairable Epoxy-Lined Pipe
This image shows a section of epoxy-lined pipe that cannot be repaired because of the epoxy lining. Epoxy lining is incompatible with soldering, and water will make its way between the epoxy resin and the original piping with use of a clamp repair.
How and Why Epoxy Pipe Lining Fails
Epoxy pipe lining can fail for various reasons, ranging from improper installation to material degradation over time. Some of the most common causes of epoxy lining failure include:
· Improper surface preparation: If the pipes are not thoroughly cleaned and prepared before the epoxy lining is applied, the resin may not adhere properly leading to: gaps, bubbles, or weak spots in the lining.
· Inconsistent application: Uneven distribution of the epoxy resin during the lining process can result in thin or thick spots, which can compromise the integrity and durability of the lining.
· Incompatibility with pipe materials: Certain pipe materials, such as galvanized steel or cast iron, may not bond well with epoxy resins, causing the lining to delaminate or peel away from the pipe walls.
· Chemical and temperature exposure: Exposure to harsh chemicals, high temperatures, or extreme pH levels can cause the epoxy lining to degrade, crack, or become brittle over time.
· Mechanical stress: Pipes are subject to various mechanical stresses, such as vibrations, water hammer, or structural settling. These stresses can cause the epoxy lining to crack, chip, or separate from the pipe walls.
· Age and degradation: Even under ideal conditions, epoxy resins can degrade over time due to exposure to water, chemicals, and other environmental factors. As the lining ages, it becomes more susceptible to cracking, leaching, and failure.
When epoxy pipe lining fails, it can lead to a range of problems. This includes renewed corrosion, leaks, and contamination of the water supply. In some cases, the degradation of the epoxy lining can release harmful chemicals into the water posing health risks to those who consume or use the water.
Signs and Symptoms of Failed Epoxy Pipe Lining
Property owners with epoxy-lined pipes should be aware of the signs and symptoms of failing lining, such as:
· Visible corrosion or discoloration on the pipe exterior: If the epoxy lining has failed, the underlying pipes may begin to corrode again. Leading to visible rust, stains, or discoloration on the outside of the pipes.
· Reduced water pressure or flow: As the epoxy lining deteriorates it can flake off or accumulate in the pipes, restricting water flow and reducing water pressure at fixtures and appliances.
· Leaks or water damage: Failing epoxy lining can allow water to penetrate the pipe walls, causing leaks or water damage to the surrounding areas.
· Unusual tastes, odors, or discoloration in the water supply: Degrading epoxy resins can release chemicals or particles into the water resulting in unpleasant tastes, odors, or discoloration of the water.
If any of these issues are observed, it is crucial to have the piping system inspected by a licensed plumbing professional to assess the extent of the damage and determine the appropriate course of action.
Consequences of Failed Epoxy Lining Jobs
The epoxy lining industry has also faced numerous lawsuits and legal challenges (see below or click here) related to failed installations, misrepresentations of product performance, and potential health hazards. Property owners who have experienced problems with epoxy-lined pipes may find themselves embroiled in legal disputes or struggling to obtain compensation for the damages incurred.
When epoxy pipe lining fails, property owners are often faced with significant consequences and costs. In many cases, a full pipe replacement is necessary to address the underlying issues and prevent further damage. This can be a costly and disruptive process involving extensive demolition, excavation, and reconstruction of the affected areas.
In addition to the financial burden, failed epoxy lining can pose potential health risks to occupants of the building. As the epoxy resin degrades, it can release harmful chemicals into the water supply such as bisphenol A (BPA) or other endocrine-disrupting compounds. Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to various health problems including developmental issues, reproductive disorders, and certain types of cancer.
Notable Epoxy Pipe Lining Related Lawsuits
· Pinellas County, Florida vs. Insituform Technologies, LLC
In 2015, Pinellas County, Florida, filed a lawsuit against Insituform Technologies (a leading provider of epoxy pipe lining services) alleging that the company’s lining system failed prematurely and caused damage to the county’s sewer infrastructure.
The county sought damages for the cost of repairs and replacement, as well as punitive damages for alleged misrepresentations about the durability and performance of the epoxy lining system.
· City of Pasadena, California vs. Sancon Engineering, Inc.
In 2017, the City of Pasadena, California, filed a lawsuit against Sancon Engineering, a contractor specializing in epoxy pipe lining, alleging that the company’s work was defective and caused leaks and failures in the city’s water distribution system.
The city sought damages for the cost of repairs and replacement, as well as alleged violations of the California False Claims Act.
· Homeowners vs. Nu Flow Technologies, Inc.
In 2019, a group of homeowners in Washington state filed a class-action lawsuit against Nu Flow Technologies, a provider of epoxy pipe lining services, alleging that the company’s lining system was defective and caused leaks, water damage, and other issues in their homes.
The homeowners sought damages for the cost of repairs, loss of property value, and other related expenses.
· Santa Clara Valley Water District vs. Insituform Technologies, LLC
In 2020, the Santa Clara Valley Water District in California filed a lawsuit against Insituform Technologies, alleging that the company’s epoxy lining system failed prematurely and caused damage to the district’s water infrastructure.
The district sought damages for the cost of repairs and replacement, as well as alleged breaches of contract and warranty.
Conclusion
Epoxy pipe lining, while initially touted as a convenient and cost-effective solution for aging or corroded pipes, has proven to be a risky and unreliable option for many property owners. The challenges and limitations of epoxy lining, ranging from improper installation and inconsistent coverage to material degradation and potential health hazards, have led to numerous failures and costly consequences.
As an alternative, PEX piping offers a safer, more durable, and long-lasting solution for plumbing systems. With its corrosion resistance, improved water quality, and ease of installation and repair, PEX has become an increasingly popular choice for property owners seeking a reliable and cost-effective piping solution.
When considering piping options, it is crucial for property owners to prioritize the long-term safety, performance, and reliability of the chosen system. By working with licensed plumbing professionals and carefully evaluating the specific needs of their property, owners can make informed decisions that will provide the best possible outcomes for their plumbing infrastructure.
In light of the growing evidence against epoxy pipe lining and the proven benefits of PEX piping, it is clear that PEX represents a superior choice for those seeking a dependable, efficient, and safe plumbing solution. As the industry continues to evolve and innovate, property owners can rest assured that PEX piping will remain at the forefront of modern plumbing technology, offering a lasting and trustworthy alternative to the risks and uncertainties of epoxy pipe lining.
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